Predicated on total LDA classifications, one another listener groups are required to encounter Equivalent Condition when distinguishing Dutch /?-?/, as these vowels is acoustically the same as distinctive line of indigenous phonemes. Yet not, in line with the stepwise DAs both Dutch /?/ and you can /?/ bear F1 similarity so you can AusE /?/, F2 resemblance so you can AusE /?:/ and you may /?/, and you can F3 resemblance so you can AusE /?/, /?:/ and /?/. However, based on category percent (age.g., F2: Dutch /?/ > AusE /?:/, 80% and /?/ 15%, Dutch /?/ > AusE /?/, 95% and you can meet eastern european women /?:/, 5%), it’s predicted you to definitely AusE audience, facing Subset Circumstances, would be to identify these phonemes because of the because of the low acoustic overlap within F2 and F3 signs. On the other hand, PS audience is predicted to exhibit lower discrimination precision than the AusE listeners due to a top acoustic convergence across the every around three acoustic dimensions and are usually subsequent expected to identify both vowels once the PS /i/, /e/, and you will /u/.
Based on the total Da and stepwise patterns, AusE listeners is predicted to discover the Dutch /a-?/ a little challenging to discern because these vowels had been categorized across one or two or even more AusE vowel categories, when you are PS listeners is actually forecast to encounter The Scenario by predominantly mapping the sounds in accordance with PS /a/.
From inside the contribution, when the predictions centered on listeners’ L1 vowel inventories dimensions is actually borne aside, AusE listeners, whoever vowel index are bigger than regarding PS, are required to possess highest discrimination precision than simply PS listeners having every five Dutch contrasts. Instead and adopting the L2LP’s acoustic theory, when the acoustic differences when considering L1 and L2 influence non-native sound perception, one another listener groups’ discrimination issues would be to give comparable performance. That is, both listener teams are essential to stand the latest, Comparable, and Subset Scenarios. To check on such contrastive hypotheses, naive AusE listeners’ XAB discrimination and you will categorization of 5 Dutch vowel contrasts (/a-?/, /?-i/, /y-?/, /i-y/, and you can /?-?/) is actually compared to those off naive PS audience said in earlier in the day education (Escudero and you will Wanrooij, 2010; Escudero and Williams, 2011).
Participants
Twenty-two monolingual AusE students aged 18–45 years (Mage = 24.1 years; 11 females) participated for course credit at Western Sydney University. Participants were born and raised in Greater Western Sydney, and reported no experience with Dutch or any hearing impairment.
Non-native vowel categorization data from the same AusE listeners were compared to non-native vowel categorization data from 40 PS monolinguals (20 females) from Lima, Peru reported in Escudero and Williams (2011). Participants ranged in age from 18 to 30 years 2 , and reported no knowledge of Dutch or hearing impairment. XAB discrimination data from our AusE listeners was then compared to discrimination data of 22 PS listeners reported in Escudero and Wanrooij (2010). Listeners were monolinguals aged 17–28 years (Mage = ; 10 females) born and raised in Lima, Peru their entire life and reported no knowledge of Dutch.
Participant investigation range for the introduce analysis is done in accordance on the Person Look Stability Committee (HREC), West Sydney School, approval matter H9373.
Stimulus and Techniques
One another categories of players earliest completed a two-alternative pushed possibilities XAB discrimination activity with a beneficial nonnative categorization task. The newest auditory stimuli toward XAB discrimination task was basically 20 naturally put tokens of each and every of four Dutch vowels /a/, /?/, /?/, /i/, /y/, and /?/, extracted from recordings produced by 20 indigenous Fundamental North Dutch speakers (ten female) when you look at the monosyllabic utterances into the a neutral non-term /sVs/ consonantal context stuck contained in this a provider phrase (Adank ainsi que al., 2004b). Throughout the XAB task, listeners heard three audio consecutively and you can have been after that questioned to suggest perhaps the first sound (X) seemed a lot more like next (A) otherwise third (B) sound from the clicking on 1 of 2 red-colored squares (viz. “2” and you can “3”) presented to your a pc display screen. There is a keen inter-stimulus period of 1.dos s, which had been chosen because it is for enough time so you can end in phonological activation (Werker and you may Logan, 1985; Van Hesse and Schouten, 1999; Escudero and you may Wanrooij, 2010), and a keen inter-trial period away from 0.5 s following the participant’s choices. The brand new try out try used in Praat and you may contains four prevents (you to for every single compare-/a-?/, /?-i/, /y-?/, /i-?/, and /?-?/) which has 80 trials for every single.